PLSQL Terms

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{\*\generator Msftedit 5.41.21.2509;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\li360\lang1033\b\f0\fs24 Cartesian Product\par
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\pard\li1080 A Cartesian product is the result of an unrestricted joins of two or more tables. The result set of a three table Cartesian product will have x * y * z number of rows where x, y, z correspond to the number of rows in each table involved in the join.\par
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\pard\li360\b\fs24 How to prevent output coming to screen\par
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\pard\li1080 The SET option TERMOUT controls output to the screen. Setting TERMOUT OFF turns off screen output. This option can be shortened to TERM.\par
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\pard\li360\b\fs24 How to prevent from giving information messages during SQL Execution\par
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\pard\li1080 The SET options FEEDBACK and VERIFY can be set to OFF.\par
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\pard\li360 Row Chaining\par
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\pard\li1080\b0\fs22 Row chaining occurs when a VARCHAR2 value is updated and the length of the new value is longer than the old value and won\rquote t fit in the remaining block space. This results in the row chaining to another block. It can be reduced by setting the storage parameters on the table to appropriate values. It can be corrected by export and import of the effected table.\par
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\pard\li360\b\fs24 ERD (Relations)\par
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\pard\li1080\b0\fs22 An ERD is an Entity-Relationship-Diagram. It is used to show the entities and relationships for a database logical model. The entity-relationship model is a tool for analyzing the semantic features of an application that are independent of events. Entity-relationship modeling helps reduce data redundancy.\~\par
Type of Relationship\par
\b One-One Relationship\b0 - For each entity in one class there is at most one associated entity in the other class.\~ For example, for each husband there is at most one current legal wife (in this country at least).\~ A wife has at most one current legal husband. \par
\b Many-One Relationships\b0 - One entity in class E2 is associated with zero or more entities in class E1, but each entity in E1 is associated with at most one entity in E2.\~ For example, a woman may have many children but a child has only one birth mother. \par
\b Many-Many Relationships\b0 - There are no restrictions on how many entities in either class are associated with a single entity in the other.\~ An example of a many-to-many relationship would be students taking classes.\~ Each student takes many classes. Each class has many students. \par
A relational database is a set of relations.\~ It can be thought of as a set of related tables.\~ Each table has a specific form.\~ Attributes can be thought of as column headings.\~\~\par
\pard\keepn\s8\fi1080\b Entity-Relationship Diagram\par
\pard\li1080\b0 Symbols used in entity-relationship diagrams include: \par
Rectangles represent ENTITY CLASSES \par
Circles represent ATTRIBUTES \par
Diamonds represent RELATIONSHIPS \par
Arcs - Arcs connect entities to relationships. Arcs are also used to connect attributes to entities. Some styles of entity-relationship diagrams use arrows and double arrows to indicate the one and the many in relationships.\~ Some use forks etc. \par
Underline - Key attributes of entities are underlined.\par
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}\cf1\lang1033\f2\fs20\par
\pard\cf0\b\f0\fs24\par
\pard\li360 Snapshots\par
\pard\b0\fs22\par
\pard\li1080 Oracle provides an automatic method for table replication and update called snapshots. Snapshots are read-only copies of a master table located on a remote node. A snapshot can only be queried, not updated. A snapshot is periodically refreshed to reflect changes made to the master table.\par
Snapshots are local; copies (also known as replicas) of remote data, based upon queries. The refreshes of the replicated data can be done automatically by the database, at time intervals you specify. \par
\pard\li720\par
\pard\li360\b\fs24 Materialized Views\par
\pard\b0\fs22\par
\pard\li1080 Introduced with Oracle8\i i\i0 , a materialized view is designed to improve performance of the database by doing some intensive work in advance of the results of that work being needed. In the case of a materialized view, the data for the view is assembled when the view is created or refreshed. Later queries that need this data automatically use the materialized view, thus saving the overhead of performing the work already done by the view.\par
The work avoided by a materialized view is essentially twofold: \par
\pard\li1080\sb100\sa100\tx720 A materialized view can be used to pre-collect aggregate values. \par
A materialized view can be used to assemble data that would come from many different tables, which would in turn require many different joins to be performed. \par
\pard\li1080\sb100\sa100 A materialized view is like a view in that it represents data that is contained in other database tables and views; yet it is unlike a view in that it contains actual data. A materialized view is like an index in that the data it contains is derived from the data in database tables and views; yet unlike an index in that its data must be explicitly refreshed. Finally, a materialized view is very much like a snapshot in that an administrator can specify when the data is to be refreshed; but it is unlike a snapshot in that a materialized view should either include summary data or data from many different joined tables.\par
\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW\cf2\cell\cf0 are required keywords\cf2\cell\row\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl\cf0\i Name\cf2\i0\cell\cf0 is the qualified name of the materialized view\cf2\cell\row\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl\cf0 Physical attributes clause\cf2\cell\cf0 allows you to specify the physical attributes, such the tablespace name, for the materialized view\cf2\cell\row\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl\cf0 BUILD clause\cf2\cell\cf0 The BUILD clause allows you to specify when you want to build the actual data in the table. Your options are BUILD IMMEDIATE, which calls for the view to be immediately built, BUILD DEFERRED, which calls for the view to be built when it is first refreshed (see explanation of REFRESH clause below) or ON PREBUILT TABLE, which indicates that you are identifying a table that is already built as a materialized view.\cf2\cell\row\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl\cf0 REFRESH clause\cf2\cell\cf0 Since the materialized view is built on underlying data that is periodically changed, you must specify how and when you want to refresh the data in the view. You can specify that you want a FAST refresh, which will only update the values in the materialized view, assuming that some preconditions are met, COMPLETE, which recreates the view completely, or FORCE, which will do a FAST refresh if possible and a COMPLETE refresh if the preconditions for a FAST refresh are not available. \par
The REFRESH clause also contains either the keywords ON COMMIT, which will cause a refresh to occur whenever the underlying data is changed and the change is committed, or ON DEMAND, which will only perform a refresh when it is scheduled or explicitly called. You can also use keywords in the REFRESH clause to create a schedule for recurring refresh operations.\cell\row\trowd\trgaph105\trleft-134\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl105\trpaddr105\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1765\clvertalc\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8774\pard\intbl\i AS subquery\cf2\i0\cell\cf0 The last clause of the CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW command contains the sub-query that will be used to retrieve the data that will compose the materialized view.\cf2\cell\row\pard\li720\sb100\sa100\cf0 Oracle uses \b materialized views\b0 (also known as snapshots in prior releases) to replicate data to non-master sites in a replication environment and to cache expensive queries in a data warehouse environment.\par
\pard\fi720\sb100\sa100 You can use materialized views to achieve one or more of the following goals:\par
\pard\fi-360\li720\sb120\sa100\tx720\f3\fs20\'b7\tab\f0\fs22 Ease Network Loads \par
\pard\fi-360\li720\sb120\sa100\f3\fs20\'b7\tab\f0\fs22 Create a Mass Deployment Environment \par
\f3\fs20\'b7\tab\f0\fs22 Enable Data Sub-setting \par
\f3\fs20\'b7\tab\f0\fs22 Enable Disconnected Computing \par
\pard\li720\sb120\sa100 A materialized view can be either read-only, updatable, or writeable. Users cannot perform data manipulation language (DML) statements on read-only materialized views, but they can perform DML on updatable and writeable materialized views.\par
\pard\keepn\s1\li720\sb120\sa100\b More Explanation\par
\pard\li720\b0 A materialized view is a database object that contains the results of a query. They are local copies of data located remotely, or are used to create summary tables based on aggregations of a table's data. Materialized views, which store data based on remote tables are also, know as snapshots.\par
A materialized view can query tables, views, and other materialized views. Collectively these are called master tables (a replication term) or detail tables (a data warehouse term). \par
For replication purposes, materialized views allow you to maintain copies of remote data on your local node. These copies are read-only. If you want to update the local copies, you have to use the Advanced Replication feature. You can select data from a materialized view as you would from a table or view.\par
For data warehousing purposes, the materialized views commonly created are aggregate views, single-table aggregate views, and join views. \par
In replication environments, the materialized views commonly created are primary key, rowid, and subquery materialized views\par
\pard\par
\pard\fi720 Primary Key Materialized Views\par
\pard\li720 The following statement creates the primary-key materialized view on the table emp located on a remote database.\par
\pard\fi720 SQL> \tab CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_emp_pk\par
\pard \tab\tab REFRESH FAST START WITH SYSDATE \par
\pard\fi720\tab NEXT SYSDATE + 1/48\par
\pard\tab\tab WITH PRIMARY KEY \par
\pard\fi720\tab AS SELECT * FROM emp@remote_db;\par
\pard\par
\pard\fi720 Materialized view created.\par
\pard\li720 Note: When you create a materialized view using the FAST option you will need to create a view log on the master tables(s) as shown below:\par
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON emp;\par
Materialized view log created.\par
Rowid Materialized Views\par
The following statement creates the rowid materialized view on table emp located on a remote database:\par
SQL> \tab CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_emp_rowid \par
\tab REFRESH WITH ROWID \par
\tab AS SELECT * FROM emp@remote_db; \par
\pard\par
\pard\fi720 Materialized view log created.\par
Subquery Materialized Views\par
\pard\li720 The following statement creates a subquery materialized view based on the emp and dept tables located on the remote database:\par
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_empdept\par
AS SELECT * FROM emp@remote_db e\par
WHERE EXISTS\par
(SELECT * FROM dept@remote_db d\par
WHERE e.dept_no = d.dept_no)\par
\pard\par
\pard\keepn\s1\li720\b Refresh Clause in Materialized Views\par
REFRESH CLAUSE\par
\pard\li720\b0 [refresh [fast|complete|force]\par
\tab [on demand | commit]\par
\tab [start with date] [next date]\par
\tab [with \{primary key|rowid\}]]\par
The refresh option specifies:\par
The refresh method used by Oracle to refresh data in materialized view \par
Whether the view is primary key based or row-id based \par
The time and interval at which the view is to be refreshed \par
\i Refresh Method - \i0 FAST Clause\par
The FAST refreshes use the materialized view logs (as seen above) to send the rows that have changed from master tables to the materialized view.\par
You should create a materialized view log for the master tables if you specify the REFRESH FAST clause. \par
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON emp;\par
\pard\par
\pard\li720 Materialized view log created.\par
Materialized views are not eligible for fast refresh if the defined subquery contains an analytic function.\par
\i Refresh Method - \i0 COMPLETE Clause\par
The complete refresh re-creates the entire materialized view. If you request a complete refresh, Oracle performs a complete refresh even if a fast refresh is possible.\par
\i Refresh Method - \i0 FORCE Clause\par
When you specify a FORCE clause, Oracle will perform a fast refresh if one is possible or a complete refresh otherwise. If you do not specify a refresh method (FAST, COMPLETE, or FORCE), FORCE is the default.\par
\pard\fi720\i PRIMARY KEY and ROWID Clause\i0\par
\pard\li720 WITH PRIMARY KEY is used to create a primary key materialized view i.e. the materialized view is based on the primary key of the master table instead of ROWID (for ROWID clause). PRIMARY KEY is the default option. To use the PRIMARY KEY clause you should have defined PRIMARY KEY on the master table or else you should use ROWID based materialized views.\par
Primary key materialized views allow materialized view master tables to be reorganized without affecting the eligibility of the materialized view for fast refresh. \par
Rowid materialized views should have a single master table and cannot contain any of the following:\par
\pard\fi720 Distinct or aggregate functions \par
GROUP BY Subqueries , Joins & Set operations \par
Timing the refresh\par
\pard\li720 The START WITH clause tells the database when to perform the first replication from the master table to the local base table. It should evaluate to a future point in time. The NEXT clause specifies the interval between refreshes\par
\pard\fi720 SQL> \tab CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_emp_pk\par
\pard \tab\tab REFRESH FAST \par
\pard\fi720\tab START WITH SYSDATE \par
\pard\tab\tab NEXT SYSDATE + 2\par
\pard\fi720\tab WITH PRIMARY KEY \par
\pard\tab\tab AS SELECT * FROM emp@remote_db;\par
\par
\pard\fi720 Materialized view created.\par
\pard\li720 In the above example, the first copy of the materialized view is made at SYSDATE and the interval at which the refresh has to be performed is every two days.\par
\pard\fi720 Summary\par
\pard\li720 Materialized Views thus offer us flexibility of basing a view on Primary key or ROWID, specifying refresh methods and specifying time of automatic refreshes. \par
\pard\keepn\s1\fi720\b Scenario for Using Multi-tier Materialized Views\par
\pard\li720\b0 Consider a multinational company that maintains all employee information at headquarters, which is in the in the United States. The company uses the tables in the \f4 hr\f0 schema to maintain the employee information. This company has one main office in 14 countries and many regional offices for cities in these countries.\par
For example, the company has one main office for all of the United Kingdom, but it also has an office in the city of London. The United Kingdom office maintains employee information for all of the employees in the United Kingdom, while the London office only maintains employee information for the employees at the London office. In this scenario, the \f4 hr.employees\f0 master table is at headquarters in the United States and each regional office has a \f4 hr.employees\f0 materialized view that only contains the necessary employee information.\par
The following statement creates the \f4 hr.employees\f0 materialized view for the United Kingdom office. The statement queries the master table in the database at headquarters, which is \f4 orc1.world\f0 . Notice that the statement uses subqueries so that the materialized view only contains employees whose \f4 country_id\f0 is \f4 UK\f0 .\par
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW hr.employees REFRESH FAST FOR UPDATE AS\par
\pard\fi720 SELECT * FROM hr.employees@orc1.world e\par
WHERE EXISTS\par
(SELECT * FROM hr.departments@orc1.world d\par
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id\par
AND EXISTS\par
(SELECT * FROM hr.locations@orc1.world l\par
\pard \tab WHERE l.country_id = 'UK'\par
\pard\fi720 AND d.location_id = l.location_id));\par
\b\f5 Note:\b0\f0 \par
\pard\li720 To create this \f4 hr.employees\f0 materialized view, the following columns must be logged:\par
\pard\fi-360\li720\tx720\f6\'d8\tab\f0 The \f4 department_id\f0 column must be logged in the materialized view log for the \f4 hr.employees\f0 master table at \f4 orc1.world\f0 . \par
\pard\fi-360\li720\f6\'d8\tab\f0 The \f4 country_id\f0 must be logged in the materialized view log for the \f4 hr.locations\f0 master table at \f4 orc1.world\f0 . \par
\pard\li720 The following statement creates the hr.employees materialized view for the London office based on the level 1 materialized view at the United Kingdom office. The statement queries the materialized view in the database at the United Kingdom office, which is reg_uk.world. Notice that the statement uses subqueries so that the materialized view only contains employees whose city is London.\par
\pard\li916\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW hr.employees REFRESH FAST FOR UPDATE AS\par
\pard\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656\tab SELECT * FROM hr.employees@reg_uk.world e\par
\tab WHERE EXISTS\par
\tab (SELECT * FROM hr.departments@reg_uk.world d\par
\tab WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id\par
\tab AND EXISTS\par
\tab (SELECT * FROM hr.locations@reg_uk.world l\par
\tab WHERE l.city = 'London'\par
\tab AND d.location_id = l.location_id));\par
\pard\fi720\b\f5 Note:\b0\f0 \par
\pard\li720 To create this hr.employees materialized view, the following columns must be logged:\par
\pard\fi-360\li720\sb120\sa100\tx720 The department_id column must be logged in the materialized view log for the hr.employees master materialized view at reg_uk.world. \par
The country_id must be logged in the materialized view log for the hr.locations master materialized view at reg_uk.world\par
\pard\sa200\sl276\slmult1\lang9\f1\par
}